The downstream effects of whole genome sequencing have led to bourgeoning fields including DNA based tests for cancer detection as well as non-invasive prenatal testing. Challenges and limitations of solid tumor samples have led researchers to study non-invasive diagnostic modalities including the isolation of circulating tumor DNA, cell-free DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and fetal DNA. This review will focus on the sampling and analysis of non-solid biological tissues, primarily in the blood. The primary objectives will be to: define the terminology, review the major biomarkers, describe the application of liquid biopsy in clinical care, and review updates in the literature in both Academia and Industry.
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